Men’s Health Blog

In an article out of Reuters from the 25th of Spetember, it was reported that AstraZeneca gave a report at the Eastern Society for Therapeutic Radiation Oncology                                (Barcelona, Spain) that there drug ZD4054 has shown to extend the lives of patients with advanced prostate cancer by as much as 7 months.

In a statement released in July of this year by AstraZeneca stated that ZD4054 demonstrated overall survival benefits and was going to be moved to their phase III trials. They conducted a phase II study in 312 men with metastatic horomone-resistant prostate cancer that were either pain free or only mildly syptomatic. These men were then seperated into three smaller groups. One group was given 10 milligrams of ZD4054, another given a placebo, and the final study group given 15 milligrams of ZD4054.

Patients receving 10 milligrams had the best results. The group receving 10 milligrams were shown to have a median survival of 24.5 months. Patients receving 15 milligrams had a median survival rate of 23.5 months. The group that were given a placebo had a median survival of 17.3 months.

However, this study was not able to show a statistically significant result for progression free survival. This was the initial goal for the trial and the drug ZD4054. Progression Free Survival is a measure of how long patients survive before their condition worsens.

ZD4054 works by blocking the action of a cell protein that is "thought" to be associated in the role of prostate cancer growth. The name of that protein is Endothelin A.

Typically men with advanced prostate cancer are first given hormonal therapies. That has been shown to be very effective in the control and progression of prostate cancer. After a while, some men may form a resistance to the hormonal therapy in which it then becomes ineffective in preventing the progression and growth of the prostate cancer. At the time in which resistance to hormone therapy happens, then men are given a chemotherapy regimn. The only option for chemotherapy in prostate cancer to this point is called Taxotere. Taxotere has shown to extend overall median survival rates by only 2.4 months.

Although the Phase II trials are promising, the drug will have to undergo a very thorough investigation in the Phase III clinical trial before it is FDA approved and available on the market. To give you an estimation of the cost of the drug, in today's dollars, the cost of the drug would average around $2000.00 per month. If this drug becomes approved, it could potentially mean a $1billion dollar growth in sales for AstraZeneca as well.

As always, if there you have any other questions or concerns, or if you need help or more information in regards to anything relating to cancer, please feel free to contact me and I will get back to you within 24 hours. I can be reached at: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM or CANCERGEEK@CANCERGEEK.COM

 ~CancerGeek

A new article that was published yesterday on CNNmoney.com is talking about Cyberknife and its effectiveness in treating prostate cancer. They announced yesterday that more then a 1000 men have now been treated with their Cyberknife technoology for prostate cancer.

In a former blog of mine, I discuss more about what is Cyberknife, and how it works. You can find that post in my Archives, or follow this link: Cyberknife.   In my article discussing Cyberknife I did not spend a lot of time talking about its use in the treatment of prostate cancer.

The spokesman from Accuray, the maker of Cyberknife made the statement, "More and more patients are turning to the Internet to find information on their cancer treatment options. And because of the CyberKnife System's success in treating prostate cancer non-invasively, many patients are referring themselves to CyberKnife centers for treatment."

I want to be the first to emphasis the fact that this type of treatment is not completely NON-INVASIVE. The treatments themselves, when the radiation is being administered to the patient/prostate, is not invasive. There is however a pre-treatment procedure in which patients will need to have fiducial markers implanted into their prostate.       This procedure is invasive. A patient will typically go to his urologists office, they will give them a local  anesthetic to the area between the scrotum and the rectum, and by inserting an Ultrasound probe into the rectum, will then use a needle to place these markers into the proper locations of the prostate.

These markers, or fiducials, need to be placed in certain areas of the prostate in order for the Cyberknife's tracking, or GPS system to be able to locate and follow the prostate in real time as the patient is being treated. If a patient coughs, sneezes, twitches, or moves slightly, even with normal breathing, the machine can detect these changes and be able to follow where the prostate is, and be able to administer the high doses of radiation to the proper treatment areas.

This tracking is very important since it is what allows Cyberknife the benefit to offer its patients a reduction in side effects. The Cyberknife is able to avoid damaging surrounding healthy normal tissues adjacent to the prostate as well as avoid critical and senstive structures such as the urethra, bladder, rectum, and the nuerovascular bundles that are so critical to limiting erectile dysfunction and impotence.

The other benefit to Cyberknife is the conveinence it offers its patients. Traditional radition therapy for prostate cancer will be administered five days a week, monday through friday, for about 6 to 8 weeks, with each session lasting a bout 15minutes. With Cyberknife, since it uses higher doses of radiation for each treatment session, a patient will only need 1 to 5 treatments, each lasting about an hour or so. In addition, there is no recovery long recovery time like there is with surgery, or radical prostatectomy. Almost all patients that have Cyberknife for prostate cancer can continue on with normal day to day activities with no problems at all.

Of coruse, this is not for all patients. Patients ideally should be diagnose at an early stage in order to have the best outcomes for this type of procedure. The higher the staging of the prostate cancer, the larger the treatment area will need to be, and the longer the treatment time will be as well. Another problem is that since Cyberknife is a robotic system that is used to administer the radiation, in the unfortunate event that the prostate cancer does come back, it may make it a bit more complicated to offer re-treatment or salvage surgery.

Again, this is another tool that physicians are able to arm themselves with in the fight against prostate cancer. If you would like to read the full article on CNNmoney.com, you can find it here: Article.

If you have any other questions, comments, or concerns, or if you have a question about anything else relating to cancer, please feel free to contact me at: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM OR CANCERGEEK@CANCERGEEK.COM

~CancerGeek

As some of you will be able to tell, this is the first day of the new launch of CANCERGEEK.COM

I have moved this blog to that site, so either url that you place into the address bar of your browser will redirect you to the new cancergeek.com

I will be working on some new topics as well as some more pages, bulletin boards, useful pages with helpful tips, and easier to navigate web design. I just wanted to take the time and make sure that things would run smoothly before I swithced my blog to the new site.

Look for new updates and features to come in the following days and weeks. If there is antyhing else you would like to see added, answered, or touched on, please let me know.

You can contact me at: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM

~CancerGeek

Currently, I work in a lab investigating prostate cancer. I don't actually deal with the glands, and my experiments are conducted in vitro, thus not involving humans or any animals. But whenever I mention my job to a member of the not-so-fair sex, they respond with either 1) unnerving interest and an anecdote or four, or 2) a cringe, plus an involuntary clenching of their sphincters (I assume). A great majority fall under the latter category, and although most of the people I talk to are too young to think about prostate exams, they seem to have vivid imaginations. Based on my experiences, I have come to the very unscientific and largely unproven conclusion that guys = wusses.

Case in point: whenever women mention their menstrual cycles (or anything of the sort), guys run away screaming. Whenever they hear about their prostates, they cover their ears and babble. They have no problem thinking of and generally fantasizing about copulation, but when it comes to the actual mechanics, maintenance and anatomical plumbing involved, the smarmiest of men cross their legs and change the nature of the conversation.

In a new article that is going to be released in the Nov. 1, 2007 edition of Cancer,     an Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society, there is new research being published on the effects of diet and medication in the prevention of Prostate Cancer in men.

The research is being conducted by Dr. Neil Fleshner and Dr. Alexandre Zlotta from the University of Toronto.     These researchers are stating that certain medications that are available such as 5-alpha reductase inhibitor and selective estrogen receptor modifiers are showing promise in the reduction of malignancies. There is also evidence that is showing that there may be a direct link between dietary fat and its impact on malignancy in prostate cancer. The researchers are also finding other promising data on such compounds as sor, selenium, and green tea and how they might also aid in the prevention of prostate cancer.

As in my previous postings, we know that prostate cancer is one of the leading cancer diagnosis among men in the Western Hemisphere. In the US alone, it is the 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths among men. Prostate cancer is a slow growing disease that typically takes years or even decades before any symptoms may appear in patients. Drs. Fleshner and Zlotta are referring to studies that have been conducted previously that indicate that prostate cells may actually become cancerous in men as early as in their 20's and 30's. In order to truly offer men a preventative option, they have to develop a program that medical professionals can offer to males in their 20's. Anything less in the context of prostate cancer, will be offering men an option to slow the growing of cancerous cells so that they never become symptomatic or harmful to men.

The authors reviewed the published literature to evaluate the progress towards developing an evidence-based prostate cancer prevention strategy. Current studies using existing drugs to prevent cancer have found that androgen suppressing 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARI), and the selective estrogen receptor modifier have showed promise in reducing the number of cancers at biopsy in men.    In one example, the number of cancerous biopsies in men with benign prostatic hypertrophy was reduced by 50%. A large clinical trial is currently underway to see if these drugs will prevent malignant biopsies in men with elevated PSA's but previously negative biopsies.

                                               There are several other studies currently underway that are investigating the role of reduced fat intake and dietary supplements in preventing prostate cancer. In one such study, the effects of selenium was reviewed. From this study, the use of selenium had a reduction in prostate cancer by 49% in the men that were enrolled in this study. Other nutritional approaches, such as green tea, show conflicting results for prevention. Meanwhile studies of some approaches, like soy and vitamin D, are ongoing. Evidence for the use of vitamin E in the reducing disease rates is promising, but mild safety concerns at high doses currently tested raise caution.

Needless to say, the next five years or so will be very interesting to see what the results of these studies and their direct effect on prostate cancer will be. I propsoe that with the high fat dietary intake that most Americans have at present will show a link to all cancers in both men and women. We already know from studies that people with cancer that are heavier and have a high fat diet do worse then those patients that are within normal weight limits and have a more balanced and healthy diet.

For more information or to ask any other questions that you or a loved one may have, please feel free to contact me directly at the following address: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM

All inquiries will be responded to within 24 hours.

~CancerGeek

In a review article to appear in the July 19th issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Michael Holick, an internationally recognized expert in vitamin D, provides an overview of his pioneering work that expounds on the important role vitamin D plays in a wide variety of chronic health conditions, as well as suggesting strategies for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency.

Humans attain vitamin D from exposure to sunlight, diet and supplements. Vitamin D deficiency is common in children and adults. In utero and childhood, vitamin D deficiency may cause growth retardation, skeletal deformities and increase risk of hip fractures later in life. In adults, vitamin D deficiency may precipitate or exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, fractures, common cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases.

According to Holick, a professor of medicine, physiology, and biophysics, and director of the General Clinical Research Center at Boston University School of Medicine and Director of the Bone Healthcare Clinic at Boston Medical Center, it has been estimated that 1 billion people world-wide are vitamin D deficient or insufficient.

Without vitamin D only about 10-15 percent of dietary calcium and about 60 percent of phosphorus is absorbed by the body. This is directly related to bone mineral density which is responsible for osteoporosis and fractures, as well as muscle strength and falls in adults. In utero and childhood, calcium and vitamin D deficiency prevents the maximum deposition of calcium in the skeleton.

Studies have shown people living at higher latitudes (where the angle of the sun’s rays are unable to sufficiently produce adequate amounts of vitamin D in the skin) are more likely to develop and die of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, colon, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, breast and other cancers. According to Holick, both prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies have also shown an association between low levels of vitamin D and an increased risk for Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Holick believes the current recommended Adequate Intakes for vitamin D need to be increased to 800 – 1000 IU vitaminD3/d. “However, one can not obtain these amounts from most dietary sources unless one is eating oily fish frequently,” says Holick. “Thus, sensible sun exposure (or UVB irradiation) and/or supplements are required to satisfy the body’s vitamin D requirement,” he adds.

Lastly Holick adds, “The goal of this paper is to make physicians aware of the medical problems associated with vitamin D deficiency. Physicians will then be able to impart this knowledge to their patients so they too will know how to recognize, treat and most importantly, maintain adequate levels of this important vitamin.”

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  Article adapted by MD Only Weblog from original press release.
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Reference: More information and complete text of the published article can be found at University of Boston..
Contact: Gina M. Digravio

A new article was just published by Dr. Laurel Northouse, PhD from the University of Michigan that studied the effect of  Prostate Cancer diagnosis on the patients' spouse. This might sound like common sense to most of us, what affects one spouse affects the other spouse as well. In this study, the depths of the distress and worry seen in the spouses sugges that they often need more help then what they are currently getting.

                       "Doctors, nurses, and even family and friends often focus mainly on the patient who has cancer and don't realize the illness has enormous ramifications on the family, especially the spouse," Northouse says in a news release.

Northouse's advice: Patients and their spouses should "work as a team together to deal with the illness."

                               This study was based off of 263 prostate cancer patients and their wives. The couples on the study were given a questionairre that asked each of them about their quality of ife after the diagnosis was made. The questions were directly related to such topics as: quality of life, including physical, social, family, emotional and functional issues. Patients and spouses each reported on their own quality of life.

The researchers found little difference in quality of life between patients and spouses. The study did show that the stage that the husbands' cancer was a major influence on the quality of life for the couple. Couples coping with advanced disease had significantly poorer overall quality of life.

                       “The spouses of advanced cancer patients are really carrying the load. Cancer is a devastating illness, and a patient’s primary resource is the partner, who often doesn’t have the information she needs to deal with these complex problems.

“This isn’t just a common cold - this is the person you love and care about dealing with a life-threatening illness,” says lead study author Laurel Northouse, Ph.D., R.N., co-director of the Socio-Behavioral Program at the U-M Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Quality-of-life ratings were highest for the 170 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and their wives, followed by the 33 men with recurrent prostate cancer and their wives. Quality-of-life ratings were lowest for the 60 men with advanced prostate cancer and their wives.

But there was more to it than that.

The patients' wives were as distressed as their spouses about prostate cancer. The wives also reported less social support and less confidence in their ability to manage prostate cancer, compared with the patients themselves.

The researchers call for new programs to help the wives of prostate cancer patients.

You can find the full article in the Journal of Oncology.

If you have any further questions or concerns, please feel free to email me at: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM

~CancerGeek

Today's topic is going to be about active surveillance. When it comes to any type of cancer, the first thought is to "get it out" of the patient. If you happen to see a Urologist, their solution is going to be to take a patient to surgery. If you speak to a radiation oncologist, his initial thought is going to be to treat you with Radiation Therapy, most likely IMRT. I am here to talk a little bit more about another option for a selected group of patients, which is referred to as Active Surveillance.

                  Historically, Surveillance meant that patients made the conscious decision to choose no definitive treatment for their prostate cancer. This was at times referred to as watchful waiting. The take on this method of watch and wait, was that the prostate cancer was going to grow and eventually it would spread. At the time of the cancer spreading, palliative or relief treatment options would be offered to the patient. Put another way in order to emphasise the differences between these two contrasting approaches, whereas watchful waiting involves relatively lax observation with late, palliative treatment for those who develop symptoms of progressive disease, active surveillance involves close monitoring with early, curative treatment in those with evidence of biochemical or histological progression.

However, I want to talk about a newer thought. Something more reasonable and better to offer to patients if they fall into this very specific class of patients, and if they decide that they do not want any definitive type of treatment at this point in time. That option is referred to as: Active Surveillance.

The rationale behind Active Surveillance is that by some estimations, up to 80% of PSA diagnosed prostate cancers are actually overdiagnosed. What this means is that of these prostate cancers that have been detected with PSA, that the majority of those cancers would never have progressed to a point that would have caused any harm or noticable effects to the patient.

Active surveillance was formally described for the first time in 2001 by Richard Choo from Toronto, in a report of ‘Watchful observation with selective delayed intervention for clinical, histologic, or PSA progression’. (Click here for this study.) 

In this study, men were selected and limited to only those with a clinical stage T1b-T2b prostate cancer. Gleason scores had to be equal to or less then 7, and the initial PSA lvel had to be equal to or less then 15. Men were then followed every three months for the first 2 years, and then at 6 months intervals there after with routine PSA and Digital Rectal Exams. Repeat biopsy was performed at 18 months after initial biopsy.

Indication for definitive treatment was then selected to be PSA progression or increase. This was defined as a doubling time (time it takes for PSA to incrase by a factor of 2) of less then 2 years. It was also defined by histological progression. This would mean that after 18months, with a new biopsy, that patients were then upstaged to a gleason score of 8 or greater. Clinical progression was taken into consideration as well.

The latest update of this data included 206 patients and that the average patient had a PSA of 6.5. At an average follow up of 29 months, 48 patients had received definitive treatment. Another 4 patients had died due to causes unrelated to their cancer diagnosis, and 154 men remained on observation with no progression of disease.

Another similar study was performed between 1993 and 2001 at the Royal Marsden Hospital. On their study they had 80 participants. Of those 80 participants on the Active Surveillance study, 10 patients received definitive treatment, 3 had died of causes unrelated to their cancer diagnosis, and 67 patients continue to be on observation to date.

In 2002, a similar study was then reintroduced by Royal Marsden Hospital of more then 200 men. Preliminary results of this clinical trial is suggesting that nearly 80% of the men enrolled will not need definitive treatment.

This is promising news for men that meet this criteria. If you happen to be a young, active male, that is diagnosed with an early stage prostate cancer, and the side effects from surgery and radiation are more then you are willing to bare currently, then there is promising hope that taking an active role in monitoring the disease will lead to overall cancer survival and better quality of life. If one makes this decision, patients will need to make sure that they meet on a regular basis with their physicians and are routinely screened for prostate cancer to check on potential of disease progression.

As of today, the recommendations for an Active Surveillance Prostate Cancer Screening Program are as follows: PSA +/- DRE every 3 months for first 2 years. Additional biopsy at 12-18months. After this, based off of the data you and your physician are armed with, you can get a good idea of how the prostate cancer is working specifically to you. At this time the decision can be made to continue every 3 months, or yo can push it back to every 6 months based off of progression of your disease to date.

This is not a statement or recommendation that everyone diagnosed with prostate cancer should not get treated. It is just another option for a selected group of men. If there were no side effects from Radiation or Surgery, then making the choice to have one of those treatments would be perfectly fine for all men across the board. Since we live in the real world, and every choice we make comes along with a set of circumstances, in this scenario, those circumstances are side effects. Active surveillance aims to individualize the management of early prostate cancer by selecting only those men with significant cancers for curative treatment.

For more information, or to answer any other questions or concerns you may have, please contact me at the following email address: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM If you leave a phone number, I will call you back as well.

~CancerGeek

Today's topic is something that is new in the arena of prostate cancer. None of what I am going to talk about today is approved yet by the FDA, or the Food and Drug Administration. A targeted therapy is one that is designed to treat only the cancer cells and minimize damage to normal, healthy cells. Cancer treatments that “target” cancer cells may offer the advantage of reduced treatment-related side effects and improved outcomes.

Advances in science and technology have led to the development of several different types of targeted therapies, which target cancer through different mechanisms. Currently, there are no targeted therapies approved for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, clinical studies show promising results with a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist (SERA™) called atrasentan (Xinlay®), and the FDA is in the process of determining whether atrasentan will be approved for the treatment of relapsed or recurrent prostate cancer.

Selective Endothelin A Receptor Antagonist (SERA™)

A receptor antagonist is a substance that prevents the binding between proteins in cells (called receptors) and substances in the blood. This “receptor binding” is a normal activity in the body that is responsible for initiating many biological processes.  Endothelins are peptides produced by the body that are comprised of 21 amino acids, the building blocks of protein. The binding of endothelins with endothelin receptor A, located on the surface of some cells, is known to constrict blood vessels, stimulate cell growth, and increase cell survival.

The interaction between endothelins and the endothelin receptor A plays a role in the progression of many cancers.[1] Prostate cancer cells produce high levels of endothelins and have an unusually high number of endothelin receptors expressed on their cell surface, especially advanced prostate cancers.  As a result, the endothelin receptor is over-stimulated, increasing growth and survival of the cancer cells.  The use of a selective endothelin A receptor antagonist (SERA™) to block endothelins from binding with the endothelin receptor A may slow or stop these effects.

If one really wants to see a diagramatic pathway of how Sera works at a cellular level.

Atrasentan (Xinlay™): Atrasentan is a SERA™ that appears to delay cancer progression in patients with bone metastases.

A phase III clinical trial of atrasentan involved 809 patients with metastatic prostate cancer that had become resistant to hormonal therapy.[2] Patients received atrasentan or placebo (inactive substitute) and the two groups were compared for clinical and x-ray indications of cancer progression and change from baseline in bio-markers of progression, including prostate specific antigen (PSA), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and total alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is involved in bone formation and other processes. Blood levels of alkaline phosphatase are increased in patients with bone metastases.

Atrasentan significantly delayed cancer progression in patients with bone metastases,[3] but not in the overall group of patients involved in this trial. Results also suggest that atrasentan appears to delay progression of bone metastases, as it was shown to delay BAP progression.  Compared to patients that received placebo, patients treated with atrasentan experienced a 2-fold longer period (a total of 505 days, 251 days more than placebo) before measures of their BAP increased 50% or more from the low point (nadir). 

Researchers have also determined that treatment with atrasentan provided a small improved quality of life over placebo.[4] Quality of life was evaluated using two questionnaires that measure symptoms related to prostate cancer, including pain, fatigue, weight loss, and urinary problems.  Higher scores indicate better quality of life and fewer symptoms.  The questionnaires were filled out before and after treatment. Scores for the patients treated with placebo went down more between baseline (initial) measurement and post-treatment, indicating a greater reduction in quality of life and increase in symptoms, compared to patients treated with atrasentan. The benefit with atrasentan was most apparent with patients who had cancer that had spread (metastasized) only to bone.

Other Types of Targeted Therapy

Researchers continue to investigate different types of targeted therapies for the treatment of prostate and other cancer.  Some of these include: 

Anti-angiogenic drugs starve the cancer cells of blood that they need to survive and grow.

Monoclonal antibodies can locate cancer cells in the body by recognizing proteins that are more abundant in cancer cells than normal cells, called receptors. The monoclonal antibody may then cause its anti-cancer effect by blocking the receptor from binding with substances in the blood. Treatments that block receptors may also be called “receptor antagonists”.

Radioactive monoclonal antibodies are comprised of a radioactive substance attached to a monoclonal antibody, the latter of which acts as a homing device, and the radioactive substance kills the targeted cell.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors interact with the enzyme (protein) tyrosine, which is active in a complex signaling system that is used by some cancers as a survival mechanism to allow them to grow out of control. The drug Gleevec® (imitinib mesylate) is an example of this type of targeted therapy that inhibits a mutated form of tyrosine kinase and stops the abundant growth of cancerous white blood cells in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Vaccines are synthetic substances that are made from a patient’s own cancer cells and stimulate the body to recognize and attack cancer cells,

As always, if you have any further questions or concerns, or need any other type of help, please email me and let me know. I can be reached at: CANCERGEEK@GMAIL.COM

~CancerGeek 

Jing Zhao, Anthony N. Moore, John B. Redell, and Pramod K. Dash

As if there weren't enough reasons to eat your vegetables, this week Zhao et al. report that a substance in broccoli helps to preserve the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following a cortical contusion injury. Systemic administration of sulforaphane, contained in broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, increased activity of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE), influencing expression of so-called cytoprotective proteins. Sulforaphane treatment of uninjured and brain-injured rats increased cortical expression of Nrf2-driven genes. Infusion of NR decoy oligonucleotides containing the ARE binding site for Nrf2 prevented sulforaphane-induced, Nrf2-driven gene expression. Tight junction proteins are key to maintaining BBB integrity, and they decline after brain injury. Sulforaphane attenuated the loss of these proteins as well as the loss of endothelial cells and also reduced the injury-related increase in BBB permeability and brain edema. OK, OK, pass the broccoli.

Broccoli has been linked to a series of health boosting areas including a July study suggesting eating two or more servings of broccoli and cauliflower a week may reduce the risk of prostate cancer by up to 45 per cent. This follows other epidemiological and animal studies showing diets high in cruciferous vegetables result in less instances of lung, colon, breast and ovarian cancer.

The Journal of the National Cancer Institute, "High intake of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and cauliflower, may be associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer," wrote lead author Victoria Kirsh from Cancer Care Ontario.

Adapted from press release

Contact: Sara Harris
Society for Neuroscience