Men’s Health Blog

Men and women: who is the creator of evolution, and for whom it is done? Can I take home the world, men and women of peace house? About that, why sex is still a major challenge and mystery of the theory of evolution, and men - the first victims of extreme environmental conditions, the doctor tells the life sciences, leading researcher of the Institute for Problems of evolution and ecology behalf Severtsov Geodakyan Wigen.Topic review

To understand the phenomenon of insufficient knowledge of sex and reproductive rekombinativnoy role. It is necessary to know its evolutionary role. Sexual differentiation allows evolutionary innovations check in the male genome before them female. This can happen when dihronnoy evolution, when the evolution of male evolution of the women's ahead. So, there are genes purely male - already stored in the male genome, but are still trapped in the female, and women's purely - already lost menswear floor, but still remaining female. Dihronnost - the result of different reactions in the rules sexes. This interpretation suggests nomadicheskoe behavior of genes in the genome, the existence of evolutionary sexual Amygdala, emerging first in the form of modification changes females, then breeding - male; allows reveal evolutionary role of chromosomes and invite them to a new concept that the Y-chromosome - "gates" for environmental information in the genome, "place of birth" and validating new genes that form the basis of the evolutionary sexual Amygdala, its proponent, accelerator and the regulator. X-chromosome - "transport", moves from the new genes in the Y-chromosome autosomy, so is the stabilizer, and the liquidator relaksatorom evolutionary Amygdala sex, as well as the repository of spent awaiting elimination genes. The concept provides a new interpretation of the appearance, and localization of genes on chromosome conversions and between events chromosome inactivation, mobile genes connection Y-chromosome stress, viruses, etc.

Evolutionary theory considers sex sexual dimorphism monomorfnoe not as a phenomenon but as consisting of a core of reproductive and sexual Amygdala theory predicted previously unknown evolutionary sexual Amygdala arising as a result of modification first female changes, which further sexual dimorfizmy replace breeding males.

Reproductive sexual dimorphism - this is a permanent base constitutive dimorphism for primary and secondary sexual characteristics, different from male and female and of direct relevance to reproduction (gametes, spawning, genitals, mammary glands, beard rights, the lion head, and so on the spur rooster .). This is a fundamental species traits that genes according to the evolutionary theory of sex should be autosomah, being shared between two genders. And because of the common gene may not be genotypical sexual dimorphism, the reproductive sexual dimorphism - hormonal, or DNA. It arises embriogeneze (changes in the process of embryonic development), and remains constant in ontogenesis (changes in the life of the individual) and phylogenesis (changes in the evolution of species), his appointment - set program of two genders.

Modifikatsionny sexual dimorphism - is optional, temporary, in ontogeny, which arises from changes in females with a broader rule ontogeneticheskuyu reaction and increased ductility. It predates the evolution of any adaptive trait, and the greater the reaction norm trait, the more sexual dimorphism can be on it. Appointment modifikatsionnogo sexual Amygdala - protecting females from the selection during dihronizma, unless there were new genes tested in the male genome. Examples of such Amygdala - adaptation of the Arctic populations of women: a thick layer of fat, short legs, high skeletal mineralization.

Evolutionary sexual dimorphism - the optional sexual dimorphism, as can exist only with the first two. He genotypical, there is always with the evolution of any trait, as a result of rapid changes in the male genome. The purpose of the evolutionary sexual Amygdala - for the effective creation dihronizma evolution. Vector coincides with the direction of the evolution of the trait. This form of female trait shows the state of the past, men's - future.

U populations, long living in a stable environment, there is only reproductive sexual dimorphism. Evolutionary sexual dimorphism - zero, and modifikatsionny - only dispersion, as well as phenotypic variance of males in a stable environment than the female. If the new information is already came to the male, but have not yet been hit by the female or old information already lost menswear floor, but still a female, their amount is evolving sexual dimorphism. It should be noted that in mixing the two populations (races, ethnic groups), general information mixed with the first cross, and the new and old information to be separated, for the sexual dihronizma. Such a submission easily explain interspecific differences, Race retsiproc hybrids related to the dispatch of crosses.

Why a male norm narrow specialization, and rapid response, and the female - on the contrary? Polyandry, in which females mate with multiple males, that is has a higher reproductive index, meets from invertebrates, fish, birds, mammals, and the frequent sexual reversion Amygdala. Females - bigger, brighter painted, males build nests, incubated eggs, no struggle for the females, etc. When poliginii - reverse picture. Therefore, the ratio of velocity depends on the evolution of gender lines polygamy or reproductive ratio indexes sexes. U monogamov indexes males and females were equal, the same as dispersion and Y-chromosome sons and maternal X-chromosome daughters. If poliginii when fewer fathers than mothers, the sons of the dispersion is less than the daughters. If polyandries, all vice versa. In order for sexual dimorphism in normal reaction was preceded by the evolution of any trait require that the width of the reaction was determined by the rules of sexual hormones. According to evolutionary theory sex sex hormones - substances, "the system" governing the distance from the environment. Androgens - approximating to the environment, estrogens - removal from the environment. In addition, it is known that Y-chromosome runs the synthesis of testosterone, which determines the concentration of sexual dimorphism. All this gives grounds to make the hypothesis that the reaction is determined by the norms of sexual hormones, and the width is inversely proportional to the concentration of testosterone. Therefore, the evolutionary role of the vanguard always gets more polygamous sex, and the guard - monogamous. And the higher the index polygamy - the more evolutionary sexual dimorphism.

In panmiktnoy population can be all three forms of marriage: monogamy, polygyny and polyandry. There is a balance between rolling complete sibsami born in monogamous family, and polusibsami (parent or father) born in the men's and women's "harem". This provides an evolutionary stability in the face of optimal environments and evolutionary plasticity in the extreme.

Why polygyny is widespread in nature, and polyandry - exotics. This is due to male reproductive abilities, ultimately, the number of gametes.

Paul, having arisen in the process of evolution as a strictly reproductive phenomenon is gradually taking evolutionary function. At the same time, and the definition of sex naturally shifts from gene to a chromosomal. In parallel, increasing differentiation and expansion occurs dimorfizmy sex. There it is not asexual, a hermaphroditic sexual dimorphism exists only at the level of (primary sexual characters), the razdelnopolyh monogamov appears organizmenny sexual dimorphism (secondary sex traits), and razdelnopolyh poligamov - population sexual dimorphism in size and dispersion, and the bees appears dimorphism genome - gaplo - diploidiya and the new conservative-operational differentiation on caste, in which there are two environmental subsystems. Drones other families that will provide genetic information from the near environment, and worker bees that will provide genetic information from the long-distance medonosov environment. So, in terms of evolutionary theory sex worker bees, as a genetic females, have served as a second environmental male bees as a way of reproduction serves as a more evolutionarily advanced. This ideology allows for ecological subsystem, and at other levels of implementation sex: Gene - Hormone - mentally.

The deliberations of the ideas associated with sex, radically alter their understanding, sometimes on opposite. The main role of sex is not a progressive forms of reproductive and evolutionary - creation dihronomorfizma for economical evolution, even at the expense of reproduction.

It becomes understandable phenomenon unequal krossingovera, close relationship with the Y-chromosome Retroviruses. It also includes the ability of sperm to connect many types of alien DNA and transfer it to insemination in the egg. The new concept allows chromosomes do important conclusion-prediction: alien DNA viruses, or linked, not all sperm, but only Y-bearing, so among transgenic animals should have more males.

Others, intensively studied in recent directions that are relevant to the concept of chromosomes - "outbreaks" mutations insertsionny mutagenesis, "jumping genes". It helps explain where and why "jumping genes" why transposition of mobile elements depend on the environmental stressors (temperature, gamma radiation, chemicals, hybrid disgeneza etc.), why different genes mutate at the same time, where to find the source of mutations - or in ovogeneze Maize, in autosomah or sex chromosomes, X-or Y-chromosome, etc.

The new concept allows chromosomes in a different way to interpret many strange phenomena. For example, the X-chromosome condensation (Barra cells), regardless of the type gametnosti female genome must be interpreted not as compensation dose of genes, but as a barrier against the spread of the new females, had not yet verified the information.

Further, the Y-chromosome as environmental needs to be associated with stress. This may explain a number of obscure facts, such as the relatively larger size of Y-chromosomes in certain ethnic and social groups in humans (eg, Jews in Germany and prisoners), or the increased variance in areas of high seismic activity among rodents (in the latter this is not the case of the high level of radiation, according to the authors, but simply to stress of frequent earthquakes.) may therefore be predicted change the size and / or dispersion of Y-chromosomes in the regions of strong and frequent earthquakes, other natural disasters and social change: genocide, protracted war, displacement, hunger, etc. And also from evolving as a result of intensive breeding species.

The above interpretation polusibsov allows for a clear and easily verifiable experimental prediction: a father polusibsov (descendants of a single father and different mothers) - vitality, which is closely linked with the norm reaction should be higher for daughters, and the parent polusibsov, on the contrary, have sons.

In addition, you can make a hypothesis about the specific mechanisms for the implementation of evolutionary patterns.

Among the many unexplained facts associated with the differentiation of the sexes (adaptive correlation secondary sex ratio, higher primary, etc.), increased mortality as obschebiologicheskoe male phenomenon, which is closely related to evolutionary advantage razdelnopolosti, occupies a special place. Will we explore various types (people, animals or plants), different levels of the organization (the organism, organ, tissue or cell) or resistant to various harmful environmental factors (low and high temperatures, starvation, poisons, parasites, disease, etc.) -- everywhere is the same picture: increased mortality or damage the system of male compared with the female.

Hamilton gives an overview of differential mortality for 70 types of flooring, including various forms of life, such as nematodes, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, arachnids, birds, reptiles, fish and mammals. According to these data, the 62 species (89%), the average length of life is shorter than males than for females, the majority of the rest there is no difference, and only in some cases the length of life of more males than for females.

According to the UN, for a few exceptions, in all parts of the world marked by a higher average life expectancy of women. In humans, males increased mortality observed in almost all diseases, except for pertussis and some gonokokkovyh infections. A similar pattern is observed not only in animals and humans, but also on plants. Consequently, the increased mortality males? universal phenomenon.

The current theory is unable to satisfactorily explain this phenomenon. Part of theories attempting to explain the higher mortality rate among male specimens of large animals, or vice versa, smaller sizes, more vivid colors, or "risky behavior" associated with the production of food, the struggle for the female, labour predators, as a person? Hazardous occupations ( sailors, soldiers, pilots, etc.). However, the different types of animals sexual dimorphism on these different or non-existent, while the increased mortality of males is almost all species. It was also unclear and the fact that these differences with age (sexual dimorphism), as a rule, grow, and the difference in mortality rate, in contrast, decreases, it is maximal for young and softened with age. These arguments allow discard most of the causes listed as a major or significant.

Serious discussion of the theory of gene imbalance, which tried to explain the high mortality male geterogametnoy its constitution, the absence of a second X-chromosome in men's recruitment. Indeed, in order for defective (letal, poluletal) recessive gene showed a male specimen, then just get it from only one parent, but in order for such a gene showed a female beings, it should get it from both parents. If the theory of gene or chromosomal imbalance is correct, the sex differential mortality should depend on the percentage of homozygous (IHT) genes in the genome.

The results of observations and experiments on the relative mortality sexes leave no doubt that despite geterogametnuyu chromosomal constitution females, increased mortality, many of these species also differ males. In his work, especially on the question of the relative mortality sexes species with the type gametnostyu Abraxas (birds, butterflies, moths, some species of fish, etc.), and Arthur Mack Bailey as a result of analysis of a large indeed come to the conclusion that the constitution reduces geterogametnaya viability, but it can not be considered as the sole or main cause of mortality of different sexes. And since geterogametnye gemigametnye and males tend to have higher levels of basic metabolism than females, the authors conclude that a more acceptable mortality another theory different sexes, namely metabolic, which explains the high mortality male high level of their main exchange. Of course, there is a strong link between the level of metabolism and mortality, in particular between the frequency of heart attacks and the duration of life - this is natural and understandable. No replacement of the high mortality "incomprehensible" males at least incomprehensible "a high level of metabolism" is not the issue becomes clearer. These theories simply establish a link between the various signs suggestive of both sex: Theory chromosomal imbalance? Duration between life and the type gametnosti, metabolic? duration between life and the level of metabolism. But they do not explain the evolutionary sense, logic, evolutionary usefulness of this phenomenon. Why, in spite of the enormous variety of species, mortality (or metabolism) higher in males? It is hardly a coincidence. It can be said that the increased metabolism? it is a way to ensure a higher male mortality (sensitivity). And what is "objective" or evolutionary significance of this?